Anon. (1086). Domesday Book. John Morris ed., 1984. Chichester, Phillimore. [Watchmen. See vol. 33 Norfolk for Norwich watchmen, p. 116 a, b]
Anon. (1915). The Waits. Notes on their origin and history. in: Hill AF ed. (1915) and republished by Crewdson HAF ed. (1971) in The Worshipful Company of Musicians. 162-173.
Anon. (1999). University of New Hampshire Music Department: Tielman Susato and the context of music in Renaissance Antwerp. April 17-18, 1999 at Paul Creative Arts Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH.
Teilman Susato, c. 1515-67, began his recorded career as a performer in the civic ensemble
of Antwerp in 1530. Evidently of German origin, he chose to spend his most productive
years in Antwerp, which in the first half of the sixteenth century was the dominant
commercial center in northern Europe. This restless, highly gifted musician was not
content with a one-dimentional career. Susato went on to establish himself as a dealer in
musical instruments, as an editor, and as a composer. His skills in music and business, as
well as his drive and ambition, are perhaps most visible to us now in his activities as a
printer of music, for he founded one of the most productive and highly respected
publishing houses of music of the 16th century. The conference considered the career of
Susato and the context of the musical and economic life of Antwerp and the Low Countries
in the 16th century. Contributors included:
Kristine Forney (California State University, Long Beach) Jane Bernstein (Tufts
University) Trevor Herbert (Open University of Wales, Cardiff, UK) John Kmetz (Arthur
Andersen Associates, New York) Kate Van Orden (University of California, Berkeley) Keith
Polk (University of New Hampshire) William Prizer (University of California,
Santa Barbara) Richard Sherr (Smith College) Peter Urquhart (University of New Hampshire)
Rob Wegman (Princeton University)
Questions or comments to the University of New Hampshire Music Department
(603) 862-2404.
Arras, J (1958). Musikanten in de Lierse Ommegangen der XVde eeuw. In ‘t Land van Ryen. 8, pp. 145-164, 9, (1959), pp. 25-51.
Ashbee, Andrew (1998). Biographical Dictionary of English Court Musicians, 1485-1714. Peter Holman (Compiler), Andrew Ashbee (Compiler), David Lasocki (Compiler), Fiona Losbu (Compiler), Andrew Ashbee (Editor), David Lasocki (Editor). Scolar Press. ISBN 1859280870
Ashbee, Andrew ed. (June 1991). Records of English Court Music. Scolar Press ISBN 0950720720.
Ashbee, Andrew ed. (July 1991). Records of English Court Music. Scolar Press ISBN 085967858X.
Ashbee, Andrew ed. (Jan. 1994). Records of English Court Music. Scolar Press ISBN 0859678601.
Ashbee, Andrew ed. (July 1992). Records of English Court Music: 1558-1603. Scolar Press ISBN 0859678598.
Ashbee, Andrew ed. (Oct. 1995). Records of English Court Music: 1485-1714. Scolar Press ISBN 1859282342.
Ashbee, Andrew compiler (June 1996). Records of English Court Music: (Index). Scolar Press ISBN 1859282741.
Awouters, M, de Keyser, I & Vandenberghe, S (1985), Catalogus van de Musikinstrumenten (Gruuthusemuseum, Brugge). Stat Brugge. See pp. 104-7 for three single + pair) of 16th century instrument cases (foedralen) belonging to the Bruges stadspijpers. A fourth, similar to the Gruuthuse pair, is on display in the Town Hall. Also see instrument case at feet of trumpeter on pictures page of this site.
Baeck-Schilders, Hedwige (1998). 19de-eeuwse uitlopers van de speellieden - traditie te Antwerpen. Musica Antiqua. Actuele informatie over oude musiek. 15/4 180-184.
Baines, Anthony (1957). Woodwind Instruments and their History. ?Faber? (1991 Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-26885-3) Has a couple of brief references to Waits, and a wealth of fascinating information on early instruments and early technique, for instance, on tonguing:
If a piper you'd live to be
learn you well your diridiride,
which belongs to the notes small,
lest you look a fool before all.
Baker, Joseph Brogden (1882). Folk lore and events. In: The History of Scarborough. London, Longmans, Green & Co. 466-7.
Baldwin, Elizabeth (2002) Paying the Piper: Music in pre-1642 Cheshire ISBN 1-58044-041-X. Early Drama, Art and Music Series 29, Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan. Contains musical information, including a lot on the Chester Waits, from the REED Cheshire volume
Bárdos, Kornél (1991). Town waits in the Hungarian royal free cities between
the 16th and 18th centuries. Turner in den Königlichen Freistädten Ungarns von 16. bis
zum 18. Jahrhundert. Pannonische Forschungsstelle Oberschützen:
Arbeitsberichte Vol. II (Sept, 121-129.
The town waits (also known as «Turner», «Stadtmusici», «Stadtpfeiffer»,
«Stadttrompeter», «Tubicines Civitatis») played at city festivities, public
receptions, orchestral performances in church, and private entertainments, as well as
giving alarms of fire and flood. A full list of the «Turner» paid by the town council of
Sopron (ödenburg) between 1527 and the mid-19th c. is appended.
Becu, Wim & Arfken, Katharina (1998). Stadspijpers te Leuven. Musica Antiqua. Actuele informatie over oude musiek. 15/4 150-149.
Beukers, Mariëlla (1987). Stadsspeellieden in vijftiende-eeuws Utrecht.Utrecht.
Beukers, Mariëlla (1991). "For the honour of the city": Utrecht city minstrels between 1377 and 1528. Tijdschrift van de Vereniging voor Nederlandse
Muziekgeschiedenis Vol. XLI(1): 3-25. Charts, diagr.; ISSN: 0042-3874. In English.
A consideration of the minstrels who were in the service of the city of Utrecht until 1528, when Charles V assumed power in the bishopric, and the transcriptions of archival
material cease. The scope and extent of their duties, participation in processions,
activities in churches, their relationship to the army, and their activities as tower
watchmen are examined, as well as their repertoire and instruments, and salary and status.
A list of musicians who visited Utrecht between 1402 and 1527 is appended. netherlands »
utrecht » musical life » minstrels » 1377-1528; minstrels » netherlands » utrecht » 1377-1528; charles v, holy roman emperor » relation to utrecht minstrels; salaries, pensions, etc. » netherlands » minstrels » 1377-1528
Bevan, Victoria (1991). The waits of Nottingham (1547-1702). Unpublished BA Thesis. University of Nottingham.
Bouckaert, B & Trio, P (1994). Trompers, pipers en lauders in de Gentse Sint-Baafsabidj (14de-16de eeuw). In: Music Antiqua. 11/4, pp. 150-155.
Bowles, Edmund A. (1962). Tower Musicians in the Middle Ages. Brass Quarterly Spring 1962: 91-103.
Boydell, Barra (1993). The Earl of Cork’s musicians: a study in the patronage of music in early seventeenth century Anglo-Irish society. REED Newsletter 18(2): 1-15.
Brandon, Stephen (1976). Waits. NACWPI journal, USA Vol.
XXV(1): 7-11, 34-35.
Looks poor. Following text prob. derived from Bridge. The term
'waits' is a derivative of the Anglo-Saxon noun wacian, meaning watch or guard. There is
no record of the appearance of the first 'waits' or watchmen-musicians in England, but
they probably date from the 12th or 13th c. Four to six musicians was an average number.
Instrumentation was inconsistent. In most towns, they were employed at a nominal wage and
were also permitted to accept payment for playing at private weddings or other functions.
Their duties may be classified into two categories: marching (which included the
night watch), and concert performances. By the mid-1830s, they had all but vanished from
the streets of England.
Brayshay, M. (2005) Waits, musicians, bearwards and players: the inter-urban road travel and performances of itinerant entertainers in sixteenth and seventeenth century England. Journal of Historical Geography, Volume 31, Issue 3, July 2005, Pages 430-458 Click here for abstract. See also Notes & Queries
Brears, Peter CD (1987).The cooks of York. York Historian.
12-??
from Sir Arthur Ingram’s accounts for entertaining Charles I at his house in the Minster Close on 21 November, 1741:
pd. likewise to the waites of the Citty to play the Kings [Charles I] meate up
2.0.0
Brice, Douglas (1967). The folk-carol of England. London, Herbert Jenkins.
Bridge, JC (1928). Town waits and their tunes. Proc. Br. Mus. Assoc. 63-92.
BEWARE: misuse of texts and suspect arguments in what could have been a very useful paper. Transcript
Brimblecombe, Peter (1995). A meteorological service in fifteenth century Sandwich. Environment and History, 1, 241-9. Includes description of waits calling the weather for mariners (see Letts).
Brockhoff, Maria Elisabeth (1971). Musik in Paderborn bis zum Dreissigjährigen
Krieg. [Music in Paderborn until the Thirty Years' War.] Fragezeichen Vol. 26-27: 32-47. In German.
An historical survey, from the earliest source concerning music (the epic poem Carolus Magnus et Leo Papa of 799) to the Thirty Years' War. Includes discussion of liturgical
music and 'town' music: sources and music associated with the monasteries of Busdorf,
Abdinghof, and Gaukirch, among other material; the bells of Paderborn from the 13th-17th
c.; musicians at the cathedral school and educational music (musical plays, etc.); court
music of the prince-bishops, with musicians' names; tower music, Spielleute, music for
solemn dinners in the town hall, music of night watchmen, etc.
Brockhoff, Maria Elisabeth (1982). Musikgeschichte der Stadt Paderborn. [Musical history of the town of Paderborn.] Studien und Quellen zur westfälischen
Geschichte Vol. 20, (Paderborn: Bonifatius-Druckerei, 1982) xvi, 377 p.
Illustration. In German.
Presents extensive material on the music of the Paderborn cathedral as well as of
other churches; examines not only the musical life in the schools but also of the town
council at the court of the prince-bishop.
Brown, Cornelius (1904, 1995). The History of Newark ISBN 0900943 70x Available online at http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/Brown1896/brown.htm.
Bruggiser-Lanker, Therese (1990), Die stadtpfeiffer von Nürnberg im 16.
jahrhundert. [Town pipers from Nuremberg during the 16th century: Iconographic and
source-critical evidence concerning performance practice.] Schweitzer Jahrbuch
für Musikwissenschaft 43-72.
Nuremberg sources offer particularly good evidence of a many-faceted connection between
executant musicians and composers, and between musicians, the citizenry, and the town
council. Social conditions affecting artistic production in the urban milieu can be
understood concretely, and are moreover vividly depicted in contemporary illustrations.
Brydson, John C. (1948). The Minstrels and Waits of Leicester. The Musical Times (May 1948): 142-44.
Bullock-Davies, Constance (1986). Register of Royal and Baronial domestic minstrels 1272-1327. Woodbridge, Suffolk, Boydell Press. ISBN 0 85115 431 X.
Burnley, James (1885). A Night with the Waits. In West Riding Sketches.
A chapter about a conversation with a clarionet player in a bunch of Christmas waits by James Burnley of Bradford, Yorks. A transcript is being prepared.
Busch-Salmen, Gabriele (1993). Neue Dokumente zur Geschichte der Stadttürmer in
Freiburg. [New documents on the history of the town watchmen of Freiburg.] In: Musch,
Hans ed. Musik am Oberrhein Hochschuldokumentation zu Musikwissenschaft und Musikpädagogik, Musikhochschule Freiburg, 3 (Kassel: Bosse, 1993) 30-37. Illus. ISBN: 3-7649-2415-2. See RILM 1994-01885-bs.
The office of town watchman («Stadttürmer») in Freiburg im Breisgau, the
watchmen's integration within the town, the multiplicity of their assigned tasks, and
their training are recoverable in a practically seamless and complete dossier of documents
dating from 1390. Until the end of the 19th c., they performed their duties from the
watchmen's room of the cathedral tower.
Chappell William 1859 Popular Music of the Olden Time. See references to Waits extracted by Alan Radford.
Chappell, W. (1861). Popular Music of the Olden Time. vols. I, II. London: Cramer. Also Kessinger Publishing: rare prints (www.kessinger.net).
Cheape, Hugh (1999). Burgh Pipers. In The Book of the Bagpipe. 55-61. Belfast, Appletree Press. A singular and very useful discussion of the Scottish town pipers who, in many cases were bagpipers (perhaps accompanied by a drummer) and whose function was the same as the English waits. Shows that there is a lot for us to learn from Scottish archives, as yet little plundered by waits researchers. Like the English waits, the burgh pipers also lost their posts in the early 19th century and their passing had social consequences.
Chew, Geoffrey Alexander (1974). The night-watchman's song quoted by Haydn and
its implications. Haydn-Studien, Germany III(2): 106-24. Music
examples, bibliography.
The melody quoted by Haydn (in his symphony no. 60, etc.) and known elsewhere as Der
Nachtwachter or Hajnal, is found in many sources from Central and Eastern Europe, including many Christmas pastorellas, and offers fresh insights into Haydn's attitude toward folk music. It also suggests the possibility that 19th- and 20th-c. Central European folk music may have preserved some aspects of the musical practice of the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
Cohen, David (1981). The buskers, a history of street entertainment. London, David & Charles. ISBN 0 7153 8026 5.
Coldewey, John C (1982). Some Nottinghamshire waits: their history and habits. REED Newsletter. 1: 40-49.
Collins. Francis ed. (1897). Register of the freemen of the city of York from the city records: 1272-1558. London, The Surtees Society vol. XCVI.
Collins. Francis ed. (1899). Register of the freemen of the city of York from the city records: 1559-1759. London, The Surtees Society vol. CII.
Cooper, Thomas Parsons ‘TPC’ (1909). The Christmas Waits and Minstrels of Bygone York. York, Edwin Story.
Cooper, Thomas Parsons ‘TPC’ (c. 1934). The waits and minstrels of the City of York from the earliest times to the year 1835. Unpublished draft of book (TPC died in 1937). In York City Library.
Crewdson, Richard. Apollo's Swan and Lyre - Five Hundred Years of the Musicians' Company The Boydell Press 2000.
Sometime Master of the Musicians' Company of London. The author discusses the close association between the Musicians' Company of London and the City Waits.
Crompton, Richmal William and the Waits. Macmillan.
The Outlaws go carol singing and William devises an ingenious plot to ensure they don't, after all, have to accept the usual boring presents from their relations.
Csiba, Gisela & Csiba, Jozsef (1994). Die Blechblasinstrumente in Johann Sebastian Bachs Werken. [Brass instruments in the works of Johann Sebastian Bach]. Kassel: Merseburger, 152 p. Illus., music ISBN: 3875372603.
The implementation of the parts composed by Bach for brass instruments is a problem that has not been solved even today. The brass parts of Bach's works were primarily played by waits. However, there is no detailed report from that time about the waits, their playing technique, or their instruments. The only study from the 18th c. concerns the court trumpeters, who felt themselves superior to the waits. Certain problems concerning the performance of Bach's brass music are considered. The corno and corno di caccia are defined as separate instruments, and a hypothesis is offered on the problem of the corno di tirarsi. Some old trumpets were played with a short slide (reconstructed) inside the mouthpipe. This slide, about one-third the length of the mouthpipe, permits intonation correction without lipping. The Leipzig "Stadtpfeifer" used the slide, while court trumpeters preferred lipping. The presence of these short slides (now lost) is evident from photographs of the interiors of the mouthpipes; the instruments display signs of abrasion produced by the slides
Cummings, James C. (2001). Contextual Studies of the Dramatic Records in the Area Around The Wash, c. 1350-1550, unpub.PhD Dissertation, (Leeds: University of Leeds, 2001).
Cuvelier, J (1946). La confrérie des musicians instrumentistes de Bruxelles sous l’Ancien régime. In: Acadèmie Royale de Belgique. Bulletin de la Lasse des Beaux-arts. 28, p. 38, pp. 40-43.
D’accone, Frank A (1997). The civic muse. Music and musicians in Siena during the middle ages and the renaissance. Chicago UP.
Davies, Robert ed. (????). Register of the freemen of the city of York from the city records: 1760-1835. In York City Library.
Dekker, Thomas (1608). The belman of London. Title page illustration in: Molly Harrison & Mgt. E Bryant eds. Picture source book for social history - 16th century. London, George, Allen & Unwin (1951).
Denis, V (1952). Saint Job patron des musiciens. In: Revue belge d’Archéologie et d’histoire de l’art. 21, pp. 253-298.
Downs, Anneliese. (1963). The Tower Music of a Seventeenth-Century Stadtpfeifer. Brass Quarterly (Fall 1963): 3-33.
Drake, Francis (1736). Sheriffs’ Riding/Yoolgirthol. In Eboracum. York. 196-7.
Duffin, Ross W. (1989). The trompette des menestrels of the 15-th century alta capella. Early Music. Vol. XVII no. 3, 397-402.
Duffin, Ross W. (2007). How Equal Temperament Ruined Harmony. Norton, New York. ISBN 13: 978-0-393-06227-9/ISBN 10: 0-393-06227-9.
Durr, Walther (1958). Zwei neue belege für die-sogennannte “spielmännische” reduktion. Baden-Baden, Heitz.
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